小兴安岭黑大公路沿线多年冻土分布及退化状态   总被引：3，自引：8，他引：3  

王彪  盛煜  刘建平 《冰川冻土》2001,23(3):302-306

黑大公路沿线多年土主要分布于黑河－北安段，属小兴安岭岛状多年冻土区，该区存在的多年冻土是晚全新世寒冷时期的产物，现处于欧亚多年冰土南界边缘，多年冻土发育在低洼、地表积水、塔头草生长茂密、草炭和泥炭发育的沼泽化湿地当中，沼泽湿地独特的热交换特性决定了其中发育的多年冻土处于退化的最晚阶段，冻土的退化在自然条件下可能依赖于由于至上的地下热流。多年冻土的地温剖面表现为零梯度曲且冰土温度接近于0℃，由此决定了多年冻土对人为活动干扰的敏感性。  相似文献   

小兴安岭地区黑河-北安段多年冻土分布特征   总被引：7，自引：4，他引：7  

张艳  吴青柏  刘建平 《冰川冻土》2001,23(3):312-317

对于寒区公路工程，查清冻土工程地质条件是至关重要的，利用地质雷达和探孔来研究多年冻土的分布，为路基设计和处理提供依据，研究结果表明，黑北段分布有17段岛状年冻土，总长度为3．165km，主要分布于沼泽化湿地、泥炭层和草炭层极为发育低洼地带、多年冻土上限约1．5－2．0m，多年冻土厚度3－6m，主要发育有多冰冻土、富冰冻土、饱冰冻土，多年冻土地温较高，热稳定性较差，多年冻土处于强烈的退化状态。  相似文献   

不同边界条件对多年冻土上限影响的模型试验研究   总被引：17，自引：10，他引：17  

冯文杰  李东庆  马巍  张鲁新 《冰川冻土》2001,23(4):353-359

在全球气候转暖对多年冻土影响的情景下，开展了在多模式下气温升高对冻土上限的影响试验研究。针对不加抛石遮阳棚、加抛石、加抛石遮阳棚3种情况，地表温度均采取基本温度加2次不同升温冻融循环，每次温控指标逐级提高0.5℃，即地表温度3次变化依次按照-16.1～5.8～-13.3℃、-15.6～6.3～-12.8℃、-15.1～6.8～-12.3℃进行，结果表明，加抛石及遮阳棚对多年冻土上限有着明显的影响，冻土上限的变化与气温基本上呈正相关，为寒区道路工程设计与施工提供了理论参考依据。  相似文献   

红壤退化中的土壤质量评价指标及评价方法   总被引：97，自引：4，他引：93  

孙波  赵其国 《地理科学进展》1999,18(2):118-128

土壤质量评价与监测是评价土壤退化的重要工作,也是重新设计持续性的土壤管理系统的基础。目前缺乏统一的评价指标以及将各项土壤性质与土壤管理措施结合起来的评价方法。本文首先提出了选择红壤质量评价指标的原则,并从化学、物理学和生物学三个方面初步探讨了评价红壤质量动态变化可资采用的指标体系,综述了国内在南方丘陵区红壤质量演化的研究中应用的指标;最后从土地评价方法中选择了可用于红壤质量评价的方法,并简要综述了国际上最新的土壤质量评价方法。  相似文献   

Nature and origin of ground ice,Sandhills Moraine,southwest Banks Island,Western Canadian Arctic     

H. M. French  D. G. Harry 《第四纪科学杂志》1988,3(1):19-30

The Sandhills Moraine is a Late Wisconsinan lateral moraine complex on southwest Banks Island. The occurrence of ice-ablation landforms, ground ice slumps, kettle lakes and catastrophic lake drainage in winter suggests the presence of substantial bodies of massive ground ice. The distinctive hummocky topography of the Sandhills Moraine is thought to reflect partial melt-out of this ice. Stratigraphic observations indicate that the ice is overlain irregularly and unconformably by glacigenic sediments, notably pebbly clay (till) and/or sandy gravels (outwash), while the ice itself possesses numerous and variable mineral inclusions, faults and foliations. Petrofabric analyses indicate a strongly preferred orientation to the ice crystals. It is suggested that these characteristics are best explained if the ground ice is interpreted as relict glacier ice.  相似文献   

Hydrocarbon degraders from tropical marine environments   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Zinjarde SS  Pant AA 《Marine pollution bulletin》2002,44(2):118-121

Analysis of 20 samples of marine mud and water around Mumbai resulted in the isolation of 17 bacteria and yeasts all of which were able to degrade more than 10% of the supplied crude oil. The yeasts strains were important degraders of the aliphatic fraction of crude. All the isolated yeasts belonged to the genus Candida. Using biochemical tests these were identified as Candida parapsilosis, C. albicans, C. guilliermondii, Yarrowia lipolytica, C. tropicalis and C. intermedia. Y. lipolytica was the best degrader utilizing 78% of the aliphatic fraction of Bombay High crude oil. None of these isolates degraded the aromatic or ashphaltene fractions. All the isolates required aeration, nitrogen and phosphate supplementation for optimal degradation. Four out of the six yeasts are human pathogens.  相似文献   

Relationship between structures of substituted indolic compounds and their degradation by marine anaerobic microorganisms   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Gu JD  Fan Y  Shi H 《Marine pollution bulletin》2002,45(1-12):379-384

Degradation of selected indolic compounds including indole, 1-methylindole, 2-methylindole, and 3-methylindole was assessed under methanogenic and sulfate-reducing conditions using the serum-bottle anaerobic technique and marine sediment from Victoria Harbour, Hong Kong as an inoculum. Our results showed that indole degradation was achieved in 28 days by a methanogenic consortium and 35 days by a sulfate-reducing consortium. During degradation under both conditions, two intermediates were isolated, purified and identified as oxindole and isatin (indole-2,3-dione) suggesting that both methanogenic and sulfate-reducing bacteria use an identical degradation pathway. Degradation processes followed two steps of oxidation accomplished by hydroxylation and then dehydrogenation at 2- and then 3-position sequentially prior to the cleavage of the pyrrole ring between 2- and 3-positions. However, none of 1-methylindole or 2-methylindole was degraded under any conditions. 3-Methylindole (3-methyl-1H-indole, skatole) was transformed under methanogenic conditions and mineralized only under sulfate-reducing conditions. It is clear that methyl substitution on 1- or 2-position inhibits the initial attack by hydroxylation enzymes making them more persistent in the environment and posing longer toxic impact.  相似文献   

阿拉斯加输油管的设计和施工方式方案变更过程及其背后的原因和哲学思想   总被引：3，自引：1，他引：3  

金会军  胡万志  张欣佳  陈剑锋 《冰川冻土》2006,28(6):809-817

阿拉斯加输油管道公司曾经研发和使用了3种主要施工方案和技术:传统地埋式、特殊埋设和地上敷设方式.在传统地埋式施工方案中,管顶埋深变化于0.9~2.7 m.这主要是考虑了地形变化,而不是沿途的岩性和土壤类型.在特殊埋设方案中,在原油管道必须埋设的地段,如大规模动物迁徙常用地段则使用通道冷液循环降(保)温系统和(或)热管(桩)降(保)温,来保护多年冻土.地上敷设方案包括桩基架设和地上洁净砾石管堤(垫护层).后者只在管道进入和离开多年冻土时采用.架设桩基横梁方案中使用有或没有热管保温的垂直支架梁(单元)(VSM).在初步规划和设计阶段,管道的业主公司(即横穿阿拉斯加管道系统,或TAPS)和随后的阿拉斯加管道服务公司(APSC)不容商量的坚决要求100%的埋设方案.但是,随着勘察工作的进展和设计方案的细化,施工设计方案在不断变化.1977年管道施工结束时,只有57%的管道采用了埋设方式.管道运行30 a后的今天(考虑运行期间维护中所产生的问题),很多经验丰富的工程师认为53%的埋设可能更合理.设计和施工方案变更的原因主要有:1)为了获得通过联邦政府所属的土地所需的许可证,政府有特殊的规定和要求;2)管道公司的设计、施工和管理人员进行了现场野外调查、研究,并积极参与了详细设计和研发;3)美国环境政策法案(NEPA)的最新要求(启用了核准制).阿拉斯加管道服务公司是7家主要石油公司的服务机构.由于这个项目的巨大规模和所涉及的高昂费用,致使各大石油公司的工程师非同寻常程度的参与.在文章中,笔者论述了与阿拉斯加管道施工有关的阿拉斯加管道服务公司、美国联邦和阿拉斯加州政府相关组织机构的形成历史,管道设计演变过程及其背后的哲学思想,以及阿拉斯加管道工程项目的经验和教训.  相似文献   

Thermal regimes and degradation modes of permafrost along the Qinghai-Tibet Highway   总被引：5，自引：1，他引：5  

JIN Huijun  ZHAO Lin  WANG Shaoling  JIN Rui 《中国科学D辑(英文版)》2006,49(11):1170-1183

Permafrost on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP) is widespread, thin, and thermally unstable. Under a warming climate during the past few decades, it has been degrading extensively with generally rising ground temperatures, the deepening of the maximum summer thaw, and with lessening of the winter frost penetration. The permafrost has degraded downward, upward and laterally. Permafrost has thinned or, in some areas, has totally disappeared. The modes of permafrost degradation have great significance in geocryology, in cold regions engineering and in cold regions environmental management. Permafrost in the interior of the QTP is well represented along the Qing-hai-Tibet Highway (QTH), which crosses the Plateau through north to south and traverses 560 km of permafrost-impacted ground. Horizontally, the degradation of permafrost occurs more visibly in the sporadic permafrost zone in the vicinity of the lower limit of permafrost (LLP), along the margins of taliks, and around permafrost islands. Downward degradation develops when the maximum depth of seasonal thaw exceeds the maximum depth of seasonal frost, and it generally results in the formation of a layered talik disconnecting the permafrost from the seasonal frost layer. The downward degrada- tion is divided into four stages: 1) initial degradation, 2) accelerated degradation, 3) layered talik and 4) finally the conversion of permafrost to seasonally frozen ground (SFG). The upward degradation occurs when the geothermal gradient in permafrost drops to less than the geothermal gradients in the underlying thawed soil layers. Three types of permafrost temperature curves (stable, degrading, and phase-changing transitory permafrost) illustrate these modes. Although strong differentiations in local conditions and permafrost types exist, the various combinations of the three degradation modes will ultimately transform permafrost into SFG. Along the QTH, the downward degradation has been proceeding at annual rates of 6 to 25 cm, upward degradation at 12 to 30 cm, and lateral degradation in the sporadic permafrost zone at 62 to 94 cm during the last quarter century. These rates exceed the 4 cm per year for the past 20 years reported for the discontinuous permafrost zone in subarctic Alaska, the 3 to 7 cm per year reported in Mongolia, and that of the thaw-stable permafrost in subarctic Yakutia and Arctic Alaska.  相似文献   

祁连山多年冻土区天然气水合物的形成条件   总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9  

祝有海刘亚玲  张永勤 《地质通报》2006,25(1):58-63

祁连山多年冻土区面积约10×104km2,年平均地表地温为-1.5～-2.4℃,冻土层厚度为50～139m.区内侏罗纪小型含煤盆地广布,产有丰富的煤层气.南祁连盆地是一潜在的油气盆地,存在下石炭统臭牛沟组、下二叠统草地沟组、中三叠统大加连组、上三叠统尕勒得寺组4套烃源岩,具有良好的生油生气潜力.在木里煤田33号钻孔的冻土层内发现有连续逸出的高含量烃类气体,井口点燃即可燃烧,简易采气分析结果表明甲烷含量高达38.07%～75.9%.根据该钻孔的气体组分、年平均地表地温、冻土层厚度、地温梯度等数据分析,这里基本具备形成天然气水合物的温压条件,计算结果显示水合物稳定带的顶界和底界埋深分别为171 m和574m,稳定带厚度为403m.  相似文献